Reference Library

SDI Products Used for Scientific Research

Cage Rack 7 Photobeam

Locomotor Activity and Occupancy of Brain Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors by the Antagonist/Inverse Agonist AM281.
This study examined the relationship between intraveneous doses of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM281 and the degree of occupancy of this receptor, and to relate occupancy to the ability of this compound to antagonize the sedative effects of the cannabinoid receptor against WIN55, 212-2. Occupancy was determined by measuring the ability of intravenous doses of AM281 to inhibit in vivo binding of AM281 in brain areas, and locomotor activity was assessed by measuring the rate of beam crossings in a photocell apparatus.

"Activity monitors were obtained from San Diego Instruments and two mice were placed in each of the four chambers available in order to increase the number of beam crossings recorded."

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Consenza, Melissa, Gifford, Andrew, Gatlely, S. John, Pyatt, Beatrice, Liu, Qian, Makriyannis, Alexandros and Volkow, Nora D.
Synapse 38:477-482 (2000)

Dose-Response Curves and Time-Course Effects of Selected Anticholinergics on Locomotor Activity in Rats.
In order to facilitate direct comparisons of anticholinergic drug effects on activity, nine drugs were tested in one laboratory using a standardized procedure. Both fine motor activity (reflecting smaller movements) and ambulatory activity (reflecting larger movements) were recorded for 23 hours following drug administration in food-restricted rats.

“Activity was monitored using a Photobeam Activity System (San Diego Instruments) with 12 home cage activity units attached. Each home cage unit consisted of an animal’s home cage that was place within a frame containing four photobeams (spaced approximately 8.5 cm apart). Photobeams were adjusted individually by targeting each rat’s body at mid flank. The frames were connected to an interface and control board that was coupled to a personal computer. The personal computer served as the control unit, ran activity software and collected data.”

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Sipos, Maurice L., Burchnell, Vanessa, Galbicka, Gregory
Psychopharmacology (1999) 147: 250-256

Automated Measurement of Age-Related Changes in the Locomotor Response to Environmental Novelty and Home-Cage Activity.
The likelihood to explore in an open field environment decreases with age. Older animals tend to be less active and explore less both in novel and home-cage environments. The locomotor performance (fine movements, ambulatory movements and rearing) of mail rats that were 6 or 22 months of age was evaluated by continuous automated counting of Photobeam interruptions, every 30 minutes, during 60 consecutive hours, in standard polycarbonate cages. Novel environment performance was determined by Photobeam interruption counting during the first hour in the new cage. The remaining 59 hours were evaluated as home-cage activity.

“All subjects were placed into standard polycarbonate cages….Each cage was set in an infrared photocell activity monitor (San Diego Instruments) interfaced with an IBM compatible computer. The photocell activity monitor had a set of photobeams 3.8 cm above the floor, spaced 5 cm apart (activity beams), and another set 10.3 cm above the floor, spaced 3 cm apart (rearing beams). Locomotor activity was subdivided into number of fine and ambulatory movements, as well as total number of rearings.”

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Casadesus, Gemma, Shukitt-Hale, Barbara and Joseph, James A.
Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 122 (2001) 1887-1897

Circadian Differences in Behavioral Sensitization to Cocaine: Putative Role of Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase.
Chronopharmacology has identified numerous drugs whose effects depend upon circadian rhythms. In humans, use of cocaine appears to be diurnally affected; most abuse occurs during the afternoon and cocaine-caused health problems peak soon thereafter. In experimental animals, pyschostimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamine present circadian rhythmicity in their behavioral and neurophysiological effects such as feed and locomotor activity. In this study, male mice that hadn’t been exposed to the testing monitors were placed in activity cages for a 30 minute adaptation period. After this period, locomotor activity was measured for 30 minutes using the Cage Rack Photobeam Activity Measurement System (San Diego Instruments) equipped with computer monitored Photobeam frames. Immediately after the 30 minute interval, animals were injected with saline or 10 or 20 mg/kg free-base cocaine and returned to the activity cages; and recording continued for an additional 30 minutes. The movement of each mouse was recorded as the number of beam interruptions and reported as locomotor activity (ambulation). To measure locomotor sensitization, the same procedure was repeated for 3 consecutive nights.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Uz, Tolga, Javaid I. .Javaid and Manev, Hari
Life Sciences 70 (2002) 3069-3075

Dissociation of Conditioned Locomotion and Fos Induction in Response to Stimuli Formerly paired with Cocaine.
For information on this study, please refer to:

Hotsenpiller, Gregory, Horak, Bradley T., Wolf, Marina E.
Behavioral Neuroscience 2002, Vol. 116, No. 4, 634-645

Alterations in Behavior and Glutamate Transmission Following Presentation of Stimuli Previously Associated with Cocaine Exposure.
For information on this study, please refer to:

Hotsenpiller, Gregory, Giorgetti, Marco, and Wolf, Marina E.
European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 14, pp. 1843-1855, 2001

Pharmacological Reversal of Behavioral and Cellular Indices of Cocaine Sensitization in the Rat
For information on this study, please refer to:

Li, Yong; White, Francis J.; Wolf, Marina E.
Psychopharmacology (2000) 151: 175-183

Regression Modeling of Rodent Locomotion Data
“Locomotion was monitored with a 16 x 16 photobeam array (San Diego Instruments). The RACs were used as home cages throughout the course of all experiments.” “Locomotor activity, expressed as crossovers (defined as the number of times the animal crossed over into any of four quadrants subdividing the enclosure) was calculated from the raw data Photobeam count files by Flex-Field software (San Diego Instruments) and verified by comparison with videotape. Crossovers were automatically collected by computer into 3-min time interval bins.”

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Welge, Jeffrey A.; Richtand, Neil M.
Behavioral Brain Research 128 (2002) 61-69

Photobeam Activity System - Open Field

Conformationally restricted analogs of BD1008 and an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting receptors s produce anti-cocaine effects in mice.
In this study, three conformationally restricted analogs of BD1008 were tested for their ability to attenuate the convulsive, lethal and locomotor stimulatory effects of cocaine: BD1018, BD1063 and LR132. To measure the locomotor stimulatory effects of cocaine, mice were first acclimated for 30 min to the plexiglass enclosures of an automated activity monitor (San Diego Instruments). The mice were then administered cocaine. Horizontal locomotor activity was quantified for the subsequent 30 min as disruptions in the 4 x 4 photobeam array that circumscribed each plexiglass enclosure.

For more information, refer to:

Matsumoto, Rae R., McCracken, Kari A., Friedman, Michele J., Pouw, Buddy, DeCosta, Brian R., Bowen, Wayne D.
European Journal of Pharmacology 419 (2001) 163-174

Freeze Monitor™

Automated Measurement of Mouse Freezing Behavior and its Use for Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Contextual Fear Conditioning in (BALB/cJ x C57BL/6J)F2 Mice
The most commonly measured mouse behavior in fear conditioning tests is freezing. A technical limitation, particularly for genetic studies, is the method of direct observation used for quantifying this response, with the potential for bias or inconsistencies. We report the use of a computerized method based on latency between Photobeam interruption measures as a reliable scoring criterion in mice. The Freeze Monitor (San Diego Instruments) consisted of a transparent acrylic conditioning chamber. A grid floor made of stainless steel rods was connected to a shock generator (Coulberg). A frame with 16 infrared photobeams in the horizontal plane surrounded the chamber. The Freeze Monitor software controlled the shock generator and recorded data from the photobeams.

For information on this study, please refer to:

Valentinuzzi; Kolker; Vitaterna; Shimomur; Whiteley; Low-Zeddies; Turek; Ferrari; Paylor and Takahashi.
Learning & Memory 5:391-403 1998

Gemini™

Developmental Neurotoxicity Evaluation of the Avermectin Pesticide, Emamectin Benzoate, in Sprague-Dawley Rats.
“The tests were performed in a room with normal illumination and background white noise. Computer-controlled two-compartment shuttleboxes (San Diego Instruments, Inc.) were used.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Wise, L. David; Allen, Henry L.; Hoe, Chao-Min L.; Verbeke, David R.; Gerson, Ronald J.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology, Vol. 19, No. 4 pp. 315-326, 1997

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Produces Antidepressant Effects in Behavioral Models of Depression
“Learned helplessness behavioral tests were performed with the Gemini avoidance system (San Diego Instruments). This apparatus was divided into two compartments by a retractable door.”

For information on this study, please refer to:

Shirayama, Yukihiko; Chen, Andrew C.; Nakagawa, Shin; Russel, David S.; Duman, Ronald S.
The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 2002, 22(8):3251-3261

Effects of Histamine H3 Receptor Ligand GT-2331 and Ciproxifan in a Repeated Acquisition Avoidance Response in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Pup
“Histamine H3 receptor antagonists have been proposed as potentially useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of several disorders including attention deficit, schizophrenia, depression and Alzheimer’s disease. We have developed a repeated acquisition version of inhibitory avoidance task using spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) pups that we believe provides a reproducible measure of the cognitive and attention deficits often characteristic of these disease states….rat pups were trained to avoid a mild footshock delivered when the pup had transferred from a brightly lit to a darkened compartment.”

“Pups were handled for about 2 min each on the day preceding the experiement and on the morning of the experiment itself. A period of 30 min was allowed to elapse following the drug or vehicle injection before a pup was placed into a brightly lit compartment of a computer-controlled Gemini inhibitory avoidance apparatus (San Diego Instruments).”

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Fox, Gerard B.; Pan, Jia Bao; Esbenshard, Timothy A.; Bennani, Youssef L.;Black, Lawrence A.; Faghih, Ramin; Hancock, Arthur A.; Decker, Michael W.
Behavioral Brain Research, 131 (2002) 151-161

Holeboard

A Rotating Holeboard Procedure for Testing Drug Effects on Spatial Learning and Memory in Mice
A procedure is described herein for evaluating drug effects on acquisition and retention of a spatial learning task in mice. The rotating holeboard apparatus is a rectangular open field containing four open holes arranged in either a four-corner or a row configuration. A mouse is trained to poke its head into a hole and retrieve a food reward from a “baited” hole which contains a reward on every trial.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Watters, Gayle-Brosnan; Wozniak, David F.
Brain Research Protocols 1 (1997) 331-338

SR-HLAB™

Prestimulus Effects on Startle Magnitude: Sensory or Motor?
Startle may be inhibited when the startling event is preceded by a stimulus; this is called prepulse inhibition when the prestimulus is weak and nonstartling and paired pulse inhibition when the prestimulus elicits startle. The authors examined the relationship of these measures across species and tested whether paired pulse inhibition is independent of the startling effects of the prestimulus.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Swerdlow, Neal R.; Shoemaker, Jody M.; Stephany, Nora; Wasserman, Lindsay; Ro, Hyun J.; and Geyer, Mark A.
Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.

Tactile Prepuff Inhibition of Startle in Children with Tourett’s Syndrome: In Search of an “fMRI-Friendly” Startle Paradigm
Bilateral eyeblink PPI was measured in children using chin air puffs to elicit startle and prepuffs to the dorsal hand surface as inhibiting stimuli. This paradigm involved no metallic objects or acoustic stimuli, making it suitable for an fMRI environment that is magnetically sensitive and acoustically complex.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Swerdlow, Neal R.; Blythe, Karban; Ploum, Yvonne; Sharp, Richard; Geyer, Mark A; Eastvold, Angela
Copyright 2001 by the Society of Biological Psychiatry

Electromyographical Differentiation between the Acoustic Blink and Startle Reflex
Recent evidence suggests that electromyographc activity in the orbicularis oculi muscle occurring in response to sudden acoustic stimuli consists of two overlapping components: the blink and the startle reflex. The aim of this study was to identify these two components in acoustically elicited eyeblink responses and to analyze their differential modulation by weak acoustic prepulses. Reflex measures were carried out using a commercially available device (SR-LAB, San Diego Instruments). Via this computerized system, EMG activity was recorded in 250-1ms readings from pulse, onset, bandpass filtered (1-1000 Hz), amplified, digitized and rectified.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Meincke, Ulrich; Morth, Dina; Vob, Tatjana; Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, Euphrosyne
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2002) 252: 141-145

ROTOR-ROD™

Spontaneous Stereotypy in an Animal Model of Down Syndrome: Ts65Dn Mice
Stereotyped behaviors occur at high rates in individuals with mental retardation (e.g. Down syndrome). To determine if spontaneous stereotypy occurs in a murine model of Down syndrome, the home cage behavior of Ts65Dn and control mice was monitored during the dark cycle. Motor activity was further assessed in novel automated test chambers with acoustic startle and rotor rod paradigms providing additional environmental challenges.

For information on this study, please refer to:

Turner, C.A.; Newman, H.A.; Bugenhagen, P.; Crnic, L.; Lewis, M.H.
Behav Genet 2002 Jul 31 (4): 393-400

Sensitivity to the Effects of Sedative-Hypnotics on Motor Performance: Influence of Task Difficulty and Chronic Phenobarbital Administration
This study examined sensitivity to the effects of various sedative-hypnotics on motor performance in rats treated chemically with Phenobarbital. Eight rats were trained to walk on a rotor rod treadmill at low (8 rpm) and high (24 rpm) rotational speeds. Motor performance was measured through the use of a rotor rod rotating treadmill (San Diego Instruments). The rotor rod apparatus consisted of a steel and Plexiglas cabinet that was divided into four 12 cm lanes by vertical steel partitions. A 10 cm diameter cylinder was suspended 80 cm above the floor of the apparatus and ran through the center of each lane.

For information on this study, please refer to:

Smith, M.A.; Stoops, W.W.
Behavioural Pharmacology 2001; 12:125-134

SR-LAB™

Measurement of Startle Response, Prepulse Inhibition and Habituation.
This paper, co-authored by Dr. Mark Geyer and Dr. N.R. Swerdlow is a general introduction and guide to the conduct of startle research. It notes the following factors as affecting the variability of behavioral response: species, strain, sex, age, vendor, Animal Care (housing, handling, noise, feed, bedding, changing day, etc.), surgery, baseline matching, multiple chambers (matched for chamber), outliers (>2-3 standard deviations), official handling procedure, light cycle, 1hr acclimation in testing area before testing run, same fans, calibration, record window (100ms for rats, 65ms for mice), using the average (instead of the peak), response is less variable, speakers and single sound source for all noises (background, prepulse and pulse).

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Geyer, M.A., Swerdlow, N.R. (1998)
Measurement of Startle Response, Prepulse Inhibition, and Habituation.
Current Protocols in Neuroscience. 8.7.1 – 8.7.15.

5-HT1A Receptor Knockout, but not 5-HT1B Receptor Knockout Mice, Show Reduced Startle Reactivity and Footshock-induced Sensitization, as Measured with the Acoustic Startle Response
The startle response was chosen as the basic response measure. Startle reflexes were measured in four identical startle response systems (SR-LAB, San Diego Instruments), each consisting of a non-restrictive Plexiglas cylinder, mounted on a Plexiglas platform and placed in a ventilated, sound-attenuated chamber. Cylinder movements were detected and measured by a piezoelectric element mounted under each cylinder. A dynamic calibration system (San Diego Instruments) was used to ensure comparable startle magnitudes across four devices. Startle stimuli were presented through a high frequency speaker located above the startle chambers.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Dirks; Pattij; Bouwknecht; Westphal; Hijzen; Groenink; Van der Gugten; Oosting; Hen; Geyer and Olivier
Behavioural Brain Research 118 (2001) 169-178

Startle Responses, Heart Rate, and Temperature in 5-HT1B Receptor Knockou Mice
Startle reflexes were measured in four identical startle response systems (SR-LAB, San Diego Instruments), each consisting of a non-restrictive Plexiglas cylinder, mounted on a Plexiglas platform and placed in a ventilated, sound-attenuated chamber. Cylinder movements were detected and measured by a piezoelectric accelerometer mounted under each cylinder. A dynamic calibration system (San Diego Instruments) was used to ensure comparable startle magnitudes across four devices. Startle stimuli were presented through a high frequency speaker located above the startle chambers.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Bouwknecht; Hijzen; Groenink; Van der Gugten; Dirks; Maes; Hen; Geyer and Olivier
Neurophysiology, Basic and Clinical Vol 11 No 18 18 December 2000

The Effects of Perinatal AZT Exposure on the Acoustic Startle Response in Adult Rats
AZT has become the standard medication to prevent the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus from mother to fetus. The present study was designed to assess the acoustic startle response in adult rats that had been perinatally exposed to AZT. One SR-LAB acoustic startle sound-attenuating chamber (San Diego Instruments) with fan and light recoded the degree of deflection of the platform as the subject responded to the startle stimulus.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Melnick; Weedon; Dow-Edwards
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 24 (2002) 773-781

GABA-A and 5-HTIA Receptor Agonists Block Expression of Feat-Potentiated Startle in Mice
The present experiments characterized the acquisition of fear-potentiated startle and determined the sensitivity of FPS to anxiolytic compounds in DBA/1J mice. A light conditioned stimulus and mild footshock unconditioned stimulus were used. Startle chambers (SR-LAB, San Diego Instruments) consisted of nonrestrictive Plexiglass cylinders 5 cm in diameter resting on a Plexiglass platform in a ventilated chamber. High frequency speakers mounted above the cylinders produced all acoustic stimuli. Scrambled, constant-current footshocks were delivered through a cradle-shaped grid on the floor of the cylinder. Footshocks, startle intensities and light presentations were controlled by HSR2000 software (SR-LAB). Piezoelectric accelerometers mounted under the cylinders transduced movements of the animal, which were digitized and stored by interface and computer assembly.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Risbrough; Brodkin; Geyer
Neuropsychopharmacology (2003)

“Typical” but not “Atypical” Anitpsychotic Effects on Startle Gating Deficits in Prepubertal Rats
All startle experiments utilized four chambers (SR-LAB, San Diego Instruments) housed in a sound-attenuated room with a 60dB ambient noise level. For rats aged 42 days to adulthood, each startle chamber consisted of a Plexiglas cylinder, resting on a Plexiglas stand. Acoustic stimuli and background noise were presented via a Radioshack Supertweeter mounted above the Plexiglas cylinder. Startle magnitude was detected and recorded as transduced cylinder movement via a piezoelectric device mounted below the Plexiglas stand. Acoustic stimulus intensities and response intensities were calibrated (using an SR-LAB Startle Calibration System) to be nearly identical in each of the four startle chambers.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Martinez; Platten; Pollack; Shoemaker; Ro; Pitcher; Geyer; Swerdlow
Psychopharmacology (2002)161:38-46

Metabotropic Glutamate Subtype 5 Receptors Modulate Locomotor Activity and Sensorimotor Gating in Rodents
Use-dependent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists produce behaviors in human volunteers that resemble schizophrenia and exacerbate those behaviors in schizophrenic patients, suggesting that hypofunction of NMDAR-mediated neuronal circuitry may be involved in the etiology of clinical schizophrenia. Activation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGIuRS) enhances NMDAR-mediated currents in vitro. Thus, activation of mGIuR5 could potentiate hypofunctional NMDARs in neuronal circuitry relevant to schizophrenia. To further elucidate the role of mGIuR5, the present study examined the effects of mGIuR5 antagonist administration, with and without coadministration of the use-dependent NMDAR antagonist phencyclidine (PCP), on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response in rodents. We further examined

PPI in mGIuR5 knockout mice. Finally, we examined PPI after administration of the mGIuR5 agonist 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) alone and in combination with amphetamine. The data indicate that the mGIuR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine has no effect on locomotor activity or PPI by itself but does potentiate both PCP-induced locomotor activity and disruption of PPI. We further found that mGIuR5 knockout mice display consistent deficits in PPI relative to their wild-type controls. Finally, the data indicate that CHPG has no effect on PPI by itself, but ameliorates amphetamine-induced disruption of PPI. Collectively, these data suggest that mGlu5 receptors play a modulatory role on rodent PPI and locomotor behaviors and are consistent with the hypothesis that mGlu5 agonist/potentiators may represent a novel approach for antipsychotic drug development.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Gene G. Kinney, Maryann Burno, Una C. Campbell, Lisa M. Hernandez, Dana Rodriguez, Linda J. Bristow, and P. Jeffrey Conn

Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania (G.G.K., M.B., P.J.C.); and Behavioral Pharmacology, San Diego, California (U.C.C., L.M.H., D.R., L.J.B.)

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol. 306, No. 1, Copyright ® 2003 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 48702/1070309

Prestimulus Effects on Startle Magnitude: Sensory or Motor?
For information on this study, please refer to:

Swerdlow; Shoemaker; Stephany; Wasserman; Ro; Geyer
Behavioural Neuroscience (2002) Vol. 116, No. 4, 672-681

Dopamine Agonist Effects on Startle and Sensorimotor Gating in Normal Male Subjects: Time Course Studies
For information on this study, please refer to:

Swerdlow; Eastvold; Karban; Ploum; Stephany; Geyer; Cadenhead; Auerbach
Pyschopharmacology (2002) 161: 189-201

Evaluation of an Anxiety-Related Phenotype in Galanin Overexpressing Transgenic Mice
For information on this study, please refer to:

Holmes; Yang; Crawley
Journal of Molecular Neuroscience (2002) 18: 151-165

Neurobehavioral Teratogenic Effects of Thalidomide in Rats
For information on this study, please refer to:

Vorhees; Weisenburger; Minck
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 23 (2001) 255-264

Behavioral Phenotyping of GFAP-ApoE3 and –ApoE4 Transgenic Mice: ApoE4 Mice Show Profound Working Memory Impairments in the Absence of Alzheimer’s-like Neuropathology
For information on this study, please refer to:

Hartman; Wozniak; Nardi; Olney; Sartorius; Holtzmann
Experimental Neurology 170, 326-344 (2001)

Blind Mice are not Impaired in T-Maze Footshock Avoidance Acquisition and Retention
For information on this study, please refer to:

Farr; Banks; La Scola; Morley
Physiology & Behavior 76 (2002) 531-538

Anxiolytic-like Activity of the mGluR5 Antagonist MPEP: A Comparison with Diazepam and Buspirone
For information on this study, please refer to:

Brodkin; Busse; Sukoff; Varney
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 73 (2002) 359-366

Genetic Differences in Gating-Disruptive Effects of Apomorphine: Evidence of Central Medication
For information on this study, please refer to:

Swerdlow; Shoemaker; Pitcher; Platten; Kuczenski
Behavioral Neurosciences 2002, Vol. 116 No. 4 682-690

Effects of Repeated Exposure of Rats to JP-5 or JP-8 Jet Fuel Vapor on Neurobehavioral Capacity and Neurotransmitter Levels
For information on this study, please refer to:

Rossi; Nordholm; Carpenter; Ritchie; Malcomb
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 63: 397-428, 2001

Serum Cleaved Tau Protein and Neurobehavioral Battery of Tests as Markers of Brain Injury in Experimental Bacterial Meningitis
For information on this study, please refer to:

Irazuzta; Courten-Myers; Zemlan; Bekkedal; Rossi
Brain Research 913 (2001) 95-105

Effects of Selected Anticholinergics on Acoustic Startle Response in Rats
For information on this study, please refer to:

Sipos; Burchnell; Galbicka
Journal of Applied Toxicology 21, S95-S101 (2001)

Estrogen Increases Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rats
For information on this study, please refer to:

Van den Buuse; Eikelis
European Journal of Pharmacology, 425 (2001) 33-41

The Adenosine A2A Agonist CGS 21680 Reverses the Reduction in Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Response Induced by Phencyclidine, but not by Apomorphine and Amphetamine
For information on this study, please refer to:

Sills; Azampanah; Fletcher
Psychopharmacology, (2001) 156: 187-193

Comparison of Apomorphine, Amphetamine and Dizocilpine Disruptions of Prepulse Inhibition in Inbred and Outbred Mice Strains
For information on this study, please refer to:

Varty; Walters; Cohen-Williams; Carey
European Journal of Pharmacology, 424 (2001) 27-36

Reduced Brain Serotonin Activity Disrupts Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex: Effects of 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine and p-Chlorophenylalanine
For information on this study, please refer to:

SMART™

Phosphodiesterase 1B Knock-Out Mice Exhibit Exaggerated Locomotor Hyperactivity and DARPP-32 Phosphorylation in Response to Dopamine Agonists and Display Impaired Spatial Learning
Regarding the Morris Maze - Data were recorded for acquisition and reversal phases with a video tracking system (San Diego Instruments). Cued acquisition latencies were recorded with a hand-held timer and observed on a closed circuit monitor.

For more information on this study, please refer to:

Reed, Tracy M.; Repaske, David R.; Snyder, Gretchen L.; Greengard, Paul; Vorhees, Charles V.
The Journal of Neuroscience, June 15, 2002, 22(12):5188-5197